Leviticus 6: The trespass offering with restitution, common things
1 “And Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying: 2 “If a person sins and commits a trespass against Yahweh by lying to his neighbor about what was delivered to him for safekeeping, or about a pledge, or about a robbery, or if he has extorted from his neighbor, 3 or if he has found what was lost and lies concerning it, and swears falsely—in any one of these things that a man may do in which he sins: 4 then it shall be, because he has sinned and is guilty, that he shall restore what he has stolen, or the thing which he has extorted, or what was delivered to him for safekeeping, or the lost thing which he found, 5 or all that about which he has sworn falsely. He shall restore its full value, add one-fifth more to it, and give it to whomever it belongs, on the day of his trespass offering. 6 And he shall bring his trespass offering to Yahweh, a ram without blemish from the flock, with your valuation, as a trespass offering, to the priest. 7 So the priest shall make atonement for him before Yahweh, and he shall be forgiven for any one of these things that he may have done in which he trespasses.”
These are not the transgression against the holy things that the LORD spoke of, in Leviticus 5:14-19, but rather of common things as in outlined in Deuteronomy 22:1-4. “If a person sins and commits a trespass against Yahweh by lying to his neighbor in that which was delivered him to keep, or in fellowship, or in a thing taken away by violence, or hath deceived his neighbor; against the LORD. As David in defiling his neighbor’s wife, and afterwards killing him, is said to have ‘despised the commandment of the LORD, and to have done evil in his sight,’ 2 Samuel 12:9 which also he penitently acknowledged in Psalm 51:4.” (John Trapp)
“Every violation of the second table of the law by acts flowing from a lack of love to our neighbour transgresses also the requirement of the first table, ‘Thou shalt love the LORD thy God with all thy heart.’” (Whedon’s Commentary)
This was not a fine or punishment imposed by a court of law but rather “a reparation offered by perpetrators who got away with the offense, but who then felt guilty later when they came to ‘realize’ their guilt (Lev. 6:4-5). Repentance by the sinner, not prosecution by the authorities, is the basis of the guilt offering…. The guilt offering calls for the remorseful sinner to return what was wrongfully taken plus 20 percent (Lev. 6:4-5). Only after settling the matter on a human level may the sinner receive forgiveness from God by presenting an animal to the priest for sacrifice (Lev. 6:6-7).” (Theology of Work Project Commentary)
“Nothing in Jesus’ atoning work on the cross releases the people of God today from the need for making restitution. Jesus taught his disciples, ‘So when you are offering your gift at the altar, if you remember that your brother or sister has something against you, leave your gift there before the altar and go; first be reconciled to your brother or sister, and then come and offer your gift’ (Matt. 5:23-24). Loving our neighbors as ourselves lies at the heart of the law’s requirements (Lev. 19:18 as quoted in Rom. 13:9), and making restitution is an essential expression of any genuine kind of love. Jesus granted salvation to the rich tax collector Zacchaeus who offered more restitution than the law required, lifting him up as an example of those who truly understood forgiveness (Luke 19:1-10).
Jesus’ words in Matthew 5:23-24 also teach us that doing everything in our power to reconcile with people is an essential aspect of getting things right with God and living in peace wherever possible. Receiving forgiveness from God goes beyond, but does not replace, our making restitution, where possible, to those whom we have harmed. In response to God’s forgiveness of us, our hearts are moved to do everything we can to reverse the harm we have caused to others. Seldom will we have the ability to fully undo the damage our sin has caused, yet the love of Christ impels us to do as much as we are able.” (TOW Project Commentary)
Leviticus 6: Priest’s Instructions for the Burnt Offerings-> 8 Then Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying, 9 “Command Aaron and his sons, saying, ‘This is the law of the burnt offering: The burnt offering shall be on the hearth upon the altar all night until morning, and the fire of the altar shall be kept burning on it. 10 And the priest shall put on his linen garment, and his linen trousers he shall put on his body, and take up the ashes of the burnt offering which the fire has consumed on the altar, and he shall put them beside the altar. 11 Then he shall take off his garments, put on other garments, and carry the ashes outside the camp to a clean place. 12 And the fire on the altar shall be kept burning on it; it shall not be put out. And the priest shall burn wood on it every morning, and lay the burnt offering in order on it; and he shall burn on it the fat of the peace offerings. 13 A fire shall always be burning on the altar; it shall never go out.
In this next section, God speaks of the five offerings (Lev 1-6:7) of the tabernacle in the wilderness again. (Lev 6:8-7:21) “Hitherto we have had the instructions which Moses was directed to give to the people concerning the sacrifices; but here begin the instructions he was to give to the priests; he must command Aaron and his sons,Leviticus 6:9; Leviticus 6:9. The priests were rulers in the house of God, but these (and all earthly) rulers must be ruled; and those that had the command of others must themselves be commanded. Let ministers remember that not only commissions, but commands, were given to Aaron and his sons, who must be in subjection to them.” (Matthew Henry)
“This is the law of the burnt offering: ‘The burnt offering shall be on the hearth upon the altar all night until morning.” (9a) God must be thought upon in the night season. Psa 4:4 David willingly brake his sleep to do it. Psa 119:62 ‘The day is thine, the night also is thine,’ saith he.” (Trapp)— “‘and the fire of the altar shall be kept burning on it.’ (9b) Better, shall burn by it. That is, shall be fed and kept up by it.” (C. J. Ellicott)These are not the individual burnt offerings. “The daily service which is here referred to (Exodus 29:38; Numbers 28:3) consisted of two lambs, offered, one in the morning at sunrise, the other in the evening, when the day began to decline.” (Jamieson, Fausset, Brown)
“‘And the priest shall put on his linen garment, and his linen trousers, ’ etc. (10a) The officiating priest was to put on his sacerdotal garments, which consisted of four pieces—(1) the tunic, which was a long close robe of fine linen, with sleeves but without folds, covering the whole body, and reaching down to the feet; (2) linen breeches—better, linen drawers—which, according to the authorities during the second Temple, reached to the knees and were fastened by ribbons above the flanks; (3) a linen girdle, which, according to the same authorities, was three fingers wide and thirty-two cubits. long, and, like the veil of the court and of the sanctuary, was embroidered with figures; and (4) a mitre, or better, turban, which was likewise of fine linen, and was fastened to the head by means of ribbons, to prevent its falling off (Exo 28:4; 28:40; 29:5-10…). Though the second and third only are here mentioned, there can hardly be any doubt that all the four garments were meant, and that the third and fourth are either omitted for the sake of brevity, or because they are included in the first term, which is the reason why some of the ancient versions have it in the plural.” (C. J. Elliott)
“‘The main concern of this paragraph is that the fire on the altar of burnt-offerings should never go out.’[ Gordon J. Wenham] This instruction is repeated three times (Leviticus 6:9,12,13)… Unger thought it was intended to represent ‘Christ's ceaseless presence in the heavenly sanctuary,’ a thought which appears also in the New Testament: ‘He ever liveth to make intercession for them’ (Hebrews 7:25). Calvin thought it was to make certain that the offerings would always be burnt with ‘heavenly fire,’ since it was originally kindled by God. Keil thought that it represented the ‘uninterrupted worship of God.’ Wenham thought it might have indicated ‘the constant need of atonement’ by the people. Cate believed that it was a symbol of ‘uninterrupted worship.’” (Coffman Commentary)
But the physical fire of the burnt offerings has indeed gone out. Certainly God does not want it to be rekindled. The fire never going out might refer to always MAKING DISCIPLES. (i.e Individual burnt offerings, throughout the day, meant new believers). “The priests were instructed how they should keep it alive. They were to put on wood. On this to lay the burnt offering. So the Great Sacrifice was laid on the wood of the cross, when the fires of God's wrath entered into his very soul. The fat of the peace offerings was placed on the burnt offering. So the fire was maintained (see Isaiah 31:9). The fire was kept ever burning, to show that God's wrath could never be quenched until the blood of Christ should quench it.” (J. A. Macdonald) “The first fire upon the altar came from heaven (Lev 9:24), so that by keeping that up continually with a constant supply of fuel all their sacrifices throughout all their generations might be said to be consumed with that fire from heaven… (representing God’s wrath).” (Matthew Henry)
Or we are to memorialize the lesson. “I was destined for death and decay after the end-time Judgment of God, but Jesus died fin my place. The ashes are like unto the the smoke that Abraham saw when he looked towards Sodom and Gomorrah in Genesis 19:28-29. And David in Psalm 9:6, KJV. And Revelation 14:11. In the Sprit of prophecy John, speaks of the fire of God’s wrath with the words: “‘And the smoke of their torment ascends forever and ever’ (Rev 14:11) The language of the Apocalypse being symbolical, it is necessary to seek the metaphorical meaning of the smoke spoken of in our text. Smoke is a formless relic of an object that has been decomposed by the action of fire. It can only be an emblem of the remembrance left by the object destroyed. A perpetual smoke would therefore symbolize the ineffaceable remembrance of an irreparable ruin. Thus it is said of the great harlot that ‘her smoke goeth up for ever and ever.’ [1— Rev. xix. 30.] But this same harlot has previously ceased to live, she has been ‘killed,’ her flesh has been devoured and her bones consumed. This harlot is a city, a government opposed to God, a temporal power. As M. L. Bonnet says: ‘It tells of a destruction without any hope of restoration.’ [2—Cf. Rev. xviii. 9, 18; Isa. xxxiv. 10; Dan. vii. 11, sq.].” (The Problem of Immortality by E. Petavel)
While doing the priestly work of kindling the fire of the brazen altar with the morning and evening burnt sacrifices, the the priest was to wear his priestly lien garb and other uniform of the office. Part of the duty was to places the ashes beside the altar, "that is, the ashes into which the consuming fire had converted the victim.” (C. J. Elliott) “Then he shall take off his garments, put on other garments, and carry the ashes, outside the camp to a clean place.” The linen robe “speaks of righteous deeds (Rev 19:8). They will be seen in the life of the believer who has been occupied with the ashes. The priest puts on other clothes when he takes the ashes out of camp. That represents another aspect of our lives. ‘Outside the camp’ (Hebrews 13:13) means to take a place of shame. It means that we openly admit that we have taken the side of a rejected [and crucified] Lord. Both in our position, that is outside the camp, and in our deeds, of which the linen robe speaks, we will be a testimony…” (G. de Koning)
My Final Answer - Leviticus 6: Torah of the Grain Offering for the Priests
14 ‘This is the law of the grain offering: The sons of Aaron shall offer it on the altar before the Lord. 15 He shall take from it his handful of the fine flour of the grain offering, with its oil, and all the frankincense which is on the grain offering, and shall burn it on the altar for a sweet aroma, as a memorial to the Lord. 16 And the remainder of it Aaron and his sons shall eat; with unleavened bread it shall be eaten in a holy place; in the court of the tabernacle of meeting they shall eat it. 17 It shall not be baked with leaven. I have given it as their portion of My offerings made by fire; it is most holy, like the sin offering and the trespass offering. 18 All the males among the children of Aaron may eat it. It shall be a statute forever in your generations concerning the offerings made by fire to the LORD. Everyone who touches them must be holy.’”
The body of the burnt offering was destroyed and taken to a clean place outside the camp. The memorial of the ashes was missing from among them. But the grain offering was given unto the sons of Aaron to eat. A handful of this offering was offered on the altar of immolation on the body of the victim. It was “a sweet aroma, as a memorial to the LORD.” (15) But “the remainder of the meal is to be made into unleavened cakes, and thus be eaten.” (C. J. Elliott)
The fine flour with its oil, and all the frankincense were symbolic ingredients pointing to the great antitype of Jesus’ ministry. “It shall not be baked with leaven.” Just as the burnt offering was without sin, the grain offering was to be without leaven. In Matthew 16:5-12, Jesus told His disciples, “Take heed and beware of the leaven of the Pharisees and the Sadducees.” And they reasoned among themselves, saying, ‘It is because we have taken no bread.’ But Jesus explained to them that He wanted them to beware of the “doctrine of the Pharisees and Sadducees.” He wants us to partake of His own doctrine.
Perfection is the goal but, according to Paul, it cannot be obtained through the Levitical priesthood, according to the order of Aaron. And, because of that, we needed another order. He insisted that Jesus was from that order. “For it is evident that our Lord arose from Judah, of which tribe Moses spoke nothing concerning priesthood.” His law was “not according to the law of a fleshly commandment, but according to the power of an endless life.” (Hebrews 7:11-17)
“The LORD has sworn and will not relent, ‘You [Messiah) are a priest forever according to the order of Melchizedek.’” (Ps110:4; cp. Heb 7:21) David, as well as other prophets, foretold the Christ's coming to the world…. So He was of the order Melchizedek, rather than of the order of Aaron. This is brought out more fully in Hebrews 6:17 through 7:21. Like Melchizedek, Jesus was ‘without father, without mother, without genealogy, having neither beginning of days nor end of life, but made like the Son of God, remains a priest continually' (Heb 7:2)].’ (Oliver F. Fauss)—“'And will not repent.' The priesthood of Christ is not like that of Aaron, which was after a time to expire, and is now actually with all the ceremonial law abolished, but a priesthood never to be altered or changed.” (Daniel Featley)
Jesus is a stumbling block and rock of offense to the Jews, but most precious to us. And therefore He is our portion. “But ye are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an holy nation, a peculiar people; that ye should shew forth the praises of him who hath called you out of darkness into his marvellous light: Which in time past were not a people, but are now the people of God: which had not obtained mercy, but now have obtained mercy.” (1 Peter 2:9-10)
“I have given it as their portion of My offerings made by fire.” (17) It was ordained that those who ministered at the altar should live of the altar; hence the priests had no portion or inheritance in the land.” (C. J. Elliott) “It is most holy, like the sin offering and the trespass offering.” (17) All pointed to the sacrifice of Jesus' body. At the last supper, as they were eating the Passover meal, consisting of the body of the paschal lamb, Jesus “took bread, blessed and broke it, and gave it to the disciples and said, ‘Take, eat; this is My body.’”“Do this,” says He, “in remembrance of Me.” “The meal-offering ‘in the portion burned on the fire, speaks of the death of Christ; and the portion eaten by the priests looks forward to feeding spiritually upon Christ as the bread.’ [Unger] A vital suggestion of the Lord's Supper is in the passage. And just as those priests did not eat the bread outside the tabernacle, the Lord's Supper is an institution pertaining to the kingdom of God (the church), and in the kingdom, not outside of it.” (Coffman)
“‘Aaron and his sons shall eat.’ For our Lord appeals to us, ‘Eat, My friends; yea, eat and drink, O My beloved.’ We have ‘fellowship with Jesus Christ’ (1 Joh 1:4). Thus our Lord ate ‘the passover with His disciples.’ Thus He ‘sups with us’ (Rev 3:20). Thus He will eat with His Church at the heavenly feast.” (F. W. Brown)
The old dispensation speaks in this way. “All the males among the children of Aaron may eat it.” (18a) But the new: “But the Scripture has confined all under sin, that the promise by faith in Jesus Christ might be given to those who believe. But before faith came, we were kept under guard by the law, kept for the faith which would afterward be revealed. Therefore the law was our tutor to bring us to Christ, that we might be justified by faith. But after faith has come, we are no longer under a tutor. For you are all sons of God through faith in Christ Jesus. For as many of you as were baptized into Christ have put on Christ. here is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus. And if you are Christ's, then you are Abraham's seed, and heirs according to the promise. (Galations 3:22-29)
“It shall be a statute forever in your generations concerning the offerings made by fire to the LORD.” As in the lessons of the burnt offering, the literal has ended : “In a metaphorical sense, ‘eating’ means taking something spiritual so that our hearts are filled with it and our spiritual lives are shaped by it. By this ‘eating instruction’ the LORD indicates that all priests will eat the same food. Thus they will all be formed in the same way and learn to judge all things in the same way..” (G. de Koning)—“‘Everyone who touches them must be holy. (18b) This is typified by the feast of unleavened bread before Passover, which lasted for seven days. When reasoning with Peter about washing his feet, Jesus said, 'He who is bathed (in the feast) needs only to wash his feet, but is completely clean; and you are clean, but not all of you.' For He knew who would betray Him; therefore He said, 'You are not all clean.'” (John 13:1-11) "Et Tu, Brute?" Is my Word cleasning you? If so, then do I do. Take my Word to the world. "If I then, your Lord and Teacher, have washed your feet, you also ought to wash one another’s feet." (John 13:12)
My final answer-Leviticus 6
18 The Grain Offering of the High Priest
19 And Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying, 20 “This is the offering of Aaron and his sons, which they shall offer to Yahweh, beginning on the day when he is anointed: one-tenth of an ephah of fine flour as a daily grain offering, half of it in the morning and half of it at night. 21 It shall be made in a pan with oil. When it is mixed, you shall bring it in. The baked pieces of the grain offering you shall offer for a sweet aroma to Yahweh. 22 The priest from among his sons, who is anointed in his place, shall offer it. It is a statute forever to Yahweh . It shall be wholly burned. 23 For every grain offering for the priest shall be wholly burned. It shall not be eaten.”
The meal offering of the people sustained the priesthood. And a portion was offered to God. But: “Here we have a special kind of grain offering, introduced by a new speaking of the LORD. It is only brought when a new high priest is anointed.... It is a grain offering that is only mixed with oil. (G. de Koning)
“‘And Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,’ (19)— “‘This is the offering of Aaron and of his sons which they shall offer unto the Lord in the day when he is anointed,’ when he was ordained and inducted into office, it being his daily sacrifice:’ the tenth part of an ephah of fine flour for a meat-offering perpetual, half of it in the morning and half thereof at night’; (20) it was the high priest's daily oblation, in order to maintain his fellowship with God.” (Kretzmann's Commentary)
“Aaron’s sons here spoken of (as in Leviticus 6:22) must be the succession of high priests who succeeded him.” (Albertt Barnes)“‘In the day when he is anointed,’ meaning on and from that day, as appears from the term ’perpetual’.. and the statement in Leviticus 6:22.” (Dummelow's Commentary) “‘Half of it in the morning, and half of it at night’; so that this constantly returned as the morning and evening sacrifices did, and followed them.” (john Gill)
“’It shall be made in a pan with oil. When it is mixed, you shall bring it in.’ roasted or fried.” (Kretzmann) “‘The BAKED PIECES of the grain offering (in broken pieces) you shall offer for a sweet aroma to Yahweh.’ (21) "In broken pieces ..." (Leviticus 6:21) is of uncertain translation. Wenham suggested ‘you shall crumble it’ as the possible meaning; and Bamberger suggested ‘baked slices’ as an alternative.” (Coffman Commentary) “Once the whole was ready it was to be brought in and offered in baked pieces (just as the sheep was offered in pieces) as a grain offering.” (Peter Pett) I think that these pieces were possibly broken in preparation of sharing with the futuristic dispensation.
“‘The priest (singular) from among his sons, who is anointed in his place, shall offer it. It is a statute forever to Yahweh.’ (22a) A meat offering perpetual.—That is, in the case of the high priest this oblation is to be offered every day as long as he lived or held the pontifical office.” (C. J. Ellicott)— “’It shall be wholly burned.’ (22b)“’Every grain offering for the priest, shall be wholly burnt.’ The priests shared in the minchas of the people, but not in their own.” (Joseph Sutcliffe)
“For every grain offering for ‘the’ priest (not a) shall be wholly burned’ upon the burnt offering— “It is the loving sacrifice of Christ that generates holy lives in his followers. By his ascension the fire of the Holy Spirit descended upon the Church, kindling sparks of hallowed emotion, and making the thoughts and words and acts of Christians an ever-brightening blaze of sacred service.”(S.R.Aldridge)— “’It shall not be eaten.’ (23) It belongs to the LORD. In Genesis 18, "the Lord appeared to Abraham in Mamre" and Abraham prepared a meal including such cakes for the the "three men" which appeared unto him-- One who was Yahweh Himself. He is the High Priest of our profession. Serving as a high priest for his day, Abraham interceded for Sodom and Gomorrah. But the LORD was with Him bodily. Now, Jesus makes intercession for the saints, according to the will of the God. He was tempted but without sin and if Lord of all. Perhaps He eats these pieces of the grain offering with His Gentile disciples.
Leviticus 6: Torah of the Sin Offering for Edification of the Priests
24 Also the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, ‘This is the law of the sin offering: 25 “Speak to Aaron and to his sons, saying, ‘This is the law of the sin offering: In the place where the burnt offering is killed, the sin offering shall be killed before Yahweh. It is most holy. 26 The priest who offers it for sin shall eat it. In a holy place it shall be eaten, in the court of the tabernacle of meeting. 27 Everyone who touches its flesh must be holy. And when its blood is sprinkled on any garment, you shall wash that on which it was sprinkled, in a holy place. 28 But the earthen vessel in which it is boiled shall be broken. And if it is boiled in a bronze pot, it shall be both scoured and rinsed in water. 29 All the males among the priests may eat it. It is most holy. 30 But no sin offering from which any of the blood is brought into the tabernacle of meeting, to make atonement in the holy place, shall be eaten. It shall be burned in the fire.
Once saved by the offering of the burnt offering, a believer needs to know that subsequent sins have been forgiven and "that they can enter God's presence with confidence; they need the reality of forgiveness, not simply the hope of forgiveness..” (Ross) Thus, “Speak to Aaron and to his sons, saying: This is the law of the sin offering (25): “‘In the place where the burnt offering is killed,’ on the north side of the altar, in the court of the Tabernacle," (Kretzmann's Comm) ‘shall the sin-offering be killed before the LORD; it is most holy’, (25) It was set apart by the LORD of destruction. The sin offering is killed where the burnt offering was killed, signifying, “We come in the awareness that we have deserved the judgment because of the sin we have committed and that the Lord Jesus has entered that judgment in order to deliver us from it.” (G. de Koning)
The fat and inward, after being washed and salted, were burnt upon the altar. But the rest of the carcass of the sin offering was eaten by the priest. It is taken into the tabernacle inner court outside of the veil of the holy of holies and eaten by the priest.(26) “Eating the sin offering means making one with the sin that the other has committed. To point out the sin that another has committed is one thing; to identify with it is another. It is the awareness that it could have happened to me too. I am in no way better (Job 33:6; Galatians 6:1). Ezra and Daniel confess this, each in chapter 9 of the book named after them. They have eaten the sin offering. They themselves are innocent of the condition of the people, but they make themselves one with it and confess the sins of the people as their own. That is eating the sin offering.” (G. de Koning)
“‘Everyone who touches its flesh must be holy.” (27)- especially the consecrated priest. "And if the garment of any one was accidentally stained with the spurting of the blood, the spot had to be washed out within the precincts of the holy place. The.. flesh was so holy, only the hand of a consecrated priest might touch it, and the blood was so holy that a drop of it was not allowed to be borne without the sanctuary...” (Jamieson, Fausset, Brown) “The entire animal with its blood belonged to the Lord, and not even a drop of the latter could he carried out of the Sanctuary on the garment of the worshiper.” (Kretzmann)
Even the vessels were consecrated for holy use. If the offering was boiled in an earthen vessel, the vessel was to be broken, never used again. (It absorbed juices the juices) But if boiled in a copper pot, the pot was to be scoured afterwards and rinsed in water. (28)Then scripture adds that all the males among the priests may eat the flesh. (29a) For even wives of the priests were not considered priests under law. Today, under grace, all believers, male and female, are priests (1 Peter 2:5), so that there is no select class of priests in any official position.” (L. M. Grant) “Being a solid metal, no juices could sink into it, and any of the most holy flesh that might adhere to it could easily be removed by washing.” (C. J. Ellicott)
“'It is most holy. (29b) that is,consecrated for holy use. If everything goes right, if it was offered by the believer by faith, they are once again conecrated for service to the Lord. If not, he or she is devoted to destruction “‘But no sin offering from which any of the blood is brought into the tabernacle of meeting, to make atonement in the holy place, shall be eaten. It shall be burned in the fire.' (30) It is set apart for destruction. "The rule set forth in the preceding verses only applies to the sin offerings of the laity (Leviticus 4:22); their flesh fell to the share of the priests, but the flesh of the sin offerings, the blood of which was brought into the tabernacle, ‘to make atonement in the sanctuary,’ was not to be eaten but to be burnt. Such were the sin offerings for the high priest (Leviticus 4:3; Leviticus 4:12), and the whole congregation (Leviticus 4:13-21), and the sin offering of the Day of Atonement (Leviticus 16:27).” (C. J. Ellicott)
All of this has a temporary virtue. “It borrowed all its efficacy from the great Sin Offering which it typified. “It was not possible for the blood of bulls and goats to take away sin”; without the sacrifice of Christ they would have been of no avail. Altars and offerings have passed away, but Jesus hath procured ‘eternal redemption for us.’” (F. W. Brown)